Get Knowledge, Reality, and Value

University of Colorado philosopher Michael Huemer offers a refreshingly clear introduction to the big questions — knowledge, reality, ethics, free will, and more — defending the radical idea that common sense is usually right. Philosophy doesn’t have to overthrow everything you already believe; it can sharpen and deepen what you know.

Core Principles

Trust Appearances Until Given Reason Not To

Huemer’s central epistemological insight is “phenomenal conservatism”: if it seems to you that something is true, and you have no specific grounds for doubting that appearance, then you have at least some justification for believing it. This isn’t naive — it’s the only non-self-defeating starting point. Any theory that rejects appearances as evidence undermines itself, since we can only evaluate theories based on how things seem to us.

Common Sense Deserves the Presumption of Innocence

Just as courts presume innocence until guilt is proven, philosophy should presume common-sense beliefs are true until proven false. The burden of proof lies with the skeptic, not the believer. Most philosophical “problems” dissolve when we stop demanding impossible certainty and accept that reasonable belief doesn’t require bulletproof foundations.

Moral Intuitions Are Evidence

Huemer defends ethical intuitionism: our basic moral intuitions — that cruelty is wrong, that fairness matters — provide genuine evidence about moral reality. Ethics isn’t a different kind of truth from other truths; moral facts are as real as mathematical or physical facts. We don’t need to derive ethics from something else; we can know some things directly.

Perception Connects Us to Reality

Against skeptics who claim we’re trapped behind a “veil of perception,” Huemer argues for direct realism: when you see a tree, you’re aware of an actual tree, not a mental image of one. The external world isn’t hidden from us — we perceive it directly. Skeptical scenarios are possible but give us no positive reason to doubt what we plainly see.

Try It Now

1. Identify a belief you hold that “just seems obviously true.” Instead of defending it with elaborate arguments, ask: Do I have any specific reason to doubt this? If not, you’re justified in believing it.
2. Notice when a philosophical argument leads to a conclusion that strikes you as absurd. Consider: Maybe the argument is flawed, rather than common sense being wrong.
3. Think of a moral intuition you hold strongly — something feels clearly wrong or right. Ask yourself: Am I treating this as evidence, or am I dismissing it because I can’t “prove” it?
4. When someone makes a skeptical argument (”How do you know you’re not dreaming?”), ask: What positive reason do I have to believe that scenario? Mere possibility isn’t evidence.
5. Pick a philosophical question that seems hopelessly complicated. Try stating the common-sense answer first, then ask what’s actually wrong with it.

Quote

“Having feelings does not make you irrational. Believing that the world must be a certain way because of your feelings does.”